Lithium

95.15% Lithium with 4 neutrons, 4.85% Lithium with 3 neutrons, 100% Lithium with 3 protons

Bohr model for: 1s²2s¹

Lithium is the smallest alkali metal element.

Alkali metals include all of the elements in the first column of the periodic table (excluding hydrogen). Alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital. The alkali metals are often referred to as the lithium family because it is the leading element in the block.

Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications, including heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lithium grease lubricants, flux additives for iron, steel and aluminium production, lithium metal batteries, and lithium-ion batteries (Wikipedia)

Lithium's 3rd electron is easily lost to form a cation

The amount of energy needed to gain or lose an electron is known as ionization energy. Because the lone electron in the 2s orbital is unpaired, it is more readily able to donate that electron to other atoms. While helium has the highest ionization energy (see the mountain-like graph to the right), lithium's ionization energy crater is lower than beryllium or any of the other row 2 elements.

Notice on that ionization energy chart that a similar valley occurs for each alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr). The pattern for ionization energy on the periodic table is shown below; typically IE increases as you go to the right and up. If comparing two elements that are either in the same row or the same column, you can reasonably infer which will have the higher IE.

Electron Orbital Diagram for: 1s²2s¹

Alkali metals have low ionization energy

Patterns in the periodic table are more important than memorizing names

The BEAR mnemonic is helpful for remembering ptable trends

The alkali metals are so reactive, they must be stored in mineral oil to prevent oxidation (loss of their electron). When exposed to water, as seen in the video, the results are explosive.

Most of the s-block elements are too reactive to exist in their elemental state and form salts readily

Like other S-block elements, cations of lithium often bind anions to form a "salt" bond.

Lithium salts such as lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, and lithium hydroxide are extracted mostly from lithium brines, often taken from salt lakes. These salt mining operations are currently under scrutiny as the EU is in talks to label these salts as "hazardous to human health". Large lithium mining operations are underway in Serbia, Germany, North Carolina, and the Great Salt Lakes in Utah. If these EU regulations go forward, the production of Lithium will increase in cost and will likely passed on to the end consumer.

Lithium is being used in many modern rechargeable batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are relatively new technology, but they follow the same principles of all other batteries.

Electric batteries all have similar structure. Either end of the battery is an electrode; the cathode and anode electrodes are bridged with an electrolyte fluid that helps electrons flow in a complete circuit. When the battery is discharging, and converting chemical energy into electric energy, the electrons flow to the cathode (+) away from the anode (-). This is known as a galvanic or voltaic cell.

A very basic battery can be made with solutions of various metals in water that are bridged together with a wire and a salt bridge. Walt and Jesse had to make a battery with Zinc, Graphite, Potassium Hydroxide, and a copper wire like the diagram above.

The metals selected for batteries are based on the oxidation potential of each element. Since Lithium wants to give away its electron, it has a very strong ability to force other elements to take those electrons. Early lithium ion batteries used a lithium anode, but these were too explosive and dangerous. The activity series listed above can determine the flow of electrons of various metal cells.

No matter which mnemonic you remember, OXIDATION = loss of electrons; REDUCTION = gain of electrons. If an element has a tendency to be oxidized, like lithium, it tends to reduce other elements and is known as a strong reducing agent

Lead Acid Batteries

Car batteries are made of a sulfuric acid electrolyte and lead plates. The cathode is made of elemental lead (Pb), while the anode is PbO2. These batteries don't have large energy densities, but they can supply a strong surge of electricity needed to generate the charge to start a car engine. These batteries can recharge slow, taking many hours to regenerate.

Alkaline Batteries

Alkaline batteries are made of zinc and mangenese dioxide. When these discharge, the zinc acts like the anode while the electrons flow to the magnesium dioxide cathode. The fluid between the plates is alkaline KOH (potassium hydroxide). These batteries can not typically be recharged.

Nickel Hydride Batteries

Unlike alkaline batteries, nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries can be recharged. These batteries still have an alkaline fluid between the electrodes, but the electrodes are capable of converting electrical energy back into chemical potential energy. In this electrolytic cell, the anode (+) and cathode (-) switch polarity when electric energy is used to "charge" the cell.

Lithium Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries use a graphite (carbon) anode with a metal hydroxide cathode. Unlike the other types of consumer batteries, the electrolyte is not potassium hydroxide, but is made of lithium salts. These batteries have much higher energy density and low self-discharge potential, but can be explosive if charged inappropriately.

Electric vehicles use a combination of various batteries, including many different types of lithium-ion batteries

The size and shape of the battery is important for the end-user application of the battery, but the metals used to create the battery have a dramatic impact on performance, safety, life-span, power, and cost. The 6 most common types of Lithium ion batteries include Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) and Lithium Titanate (LTO).

The anode and cathode of the different types of lithium batteries will be made of different metals, though the electrolyte is always lithium. LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide) were the most common batteries found in laptops, phones, tablets, consoles and cameras, but LCO are becoming increasingly expensive.

Lithium-ion batteries are so popular that there are shortages of some of the anode/cathode metals, including the cobalt needed in LCO. This is forcing manufacturers to find alternative materials.

The supply of cobalt is depleting. This is making LCO batteries less desirable, with Nickel/Manganese as the frontrunners for new cathode/anode material.

Anode-free batteries are also new technology that offers more energy in a smaller package, using the unique redox properties of the lithium electrolyte to achieve voltage potentials.

Lithium is explosive when exposed to water (or air). LCO batteries are especially unsafe if they are at maximum charge and sustain high heat.

Low charges cause permanent depletion of the battery from the production of lithium oxides and cobalt (II) oxides, but sustained max charges can be damaging too. Most lithium batteries are controlled with a controller microchip that monitors voltage and current to prevent overcharging, but the longest battery life will come from charge cycles ranging from 80% to 50% capacity.

When the layers of a lithium battery are compromised and the lithium electrolyte can flow freely, extreme heat can result. This can make a number of different gases, including CO2, CO, C2H6, C2H4, and H2, which results in a bulging "pillow".

DO NOT PUNCTURE THOSE PILLOWS. Once the lithium electrolyte is exposed to water vapor in the air, things can get explosive. Some phones were banned from airlines because of this tendency to overheat.

Thermal runaway is the phenomena where these lithium-ion batteries catch fire and the heat of combustion causes the other lithium atoms to become exposed to air and continue to burn. This fire hazard is one of the biggest challenges facing EV makers and owners. Tesla batteries have been reported to combust from thermal runaway weeks after being "depleted" of their charge, and the resulting fire is very difficult to douse. The reaction can sustain itself for days. This fire danger translates into higher insurance premiums, extensive property damage, and even death.

While water can slow a lithium fire, it is not very effective at extinguishing the blaze. Type D powder extinguishers may be needed to slow a runaway fire

The health impacts of lithium are substantial, but it also has a popular medical usage

John Cade injected guinea pigs with the urine of mentally ill patients. One of the control substances, lithium urate, made the pigs more restful. He took lithium himself to prove it was safe for humans. He became the true guinea pig and discovered the theuraputic effects of lithium carbonate.

While lithium carbonate was first used by a Danish physician, Carl Lange, to treat mania, his theories of its mechanisms (based on uric acid) were disproven. The drug was shelved for many years until it was popularized in modern medicine by an Australian psychiatrist, John Cade. In 1948, Cade discovered the effects of lithium as a mood stabilizer for patients suffering from bipolar disorder.

The exact mechanisms by which lithium acts on the brain are currently unknown. It is rapidly absorbed, has a small volume of distribution, and is excreted in the urine unchanged (there is no metabolism of lithium). Some proposed mechanisms are listed below:

Lithium modifies sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells. It alters the metabolism of neurotransmitters, specifically catecholamines and serotonin. It may alter intracellular signaling via second messenger systems by inhibition of inositol monophosphate. This inhibition, in turn, affects neurotransmission through the phosphatidylinositol secondary messenger system. Lithium also decreases protein kinase C activity, which alters genomic expression associated with neurotransmission. Lithium appears to increase cytoprotective proteins and possibly activates neurogenesis and increases gray matter volume.

Lithium carbonate is a very potent drug, capable of decreasing mortality rates for manic depressive patients by a significant rate. Unfortunately, most patients stop Li2CO3 treatment based on the following unpleasant side-effects:

Cardiac: Bradycardia, flattened or inverted T waves, heart block, and sick sinus syndrome.

CNS: Confusion, memory problems, new or worsening tremor, hyperreflexia, clonus, slurred speech, ataxia, stupor, delirium, coma, and seizures (rarely). These effects are theoretically due to excess action on the same sites that mediate therapeutic action.[5]

Renal: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with polyuria and polydipsia. These side effects are due to lithium's action on ion transport.[6]

Hematologic: Leukocytosis and aplastic anemia

Gastroenterologic: Diarrhea and nausea

Endocrinal: Euthyroid goiter or hypothyroid goiter

Other: Acne, rash, and weight gain. Lithium-induced weight gain is more common in women than in men.

Britney Spears revealed she was forced to take lithium by her manager/father against her will. "Lithium is a very, very strong and completely different medication compared to what I was used to," Spears said. "You can go mentally impaired if you take too much, if you stay on it longer than five months. But he put me on that, and I felt drunk."

The effective range of lithium carbonate blood concentration is a very specific and combats both mania and depression (bipolar disorder is marked by manic and depressive episodes), but can easily reach toxic levels if misused.

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supermariorun.mp4

Please excuse my language. I have no filter at home lol.

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