Cellulose

Cellulose is a polymer of Glucose.

Plants take in CO2, and use the energy from photons of light to break up those bonds and form higher energy C-C bonds. After more chemical reactions take place in the Calvin Cycle within the plant, the plant synthesizes Glucose. Plants link up thousands of Glucose molecules to make Cellulose. Cellulose makes up the fiber we eat, the bark on trees, and the material in paper.

The average Cellulose molecule is 6000 units of Glucose.

Human digestive tracks are unable to break down these polymer bonds.

In chemistry, saccharide is another word for "sugar." Cellulose is a polysaccharide.

Here are some of the mono-saccharides (think mono = one!) Glucose is the primary monosaccharide our body metabolizes, but the chemical structures of other saccharides only differ in a few atoms and can be rapidly converted to Glucose in the body.

Fructose is a monosaccharide produced in fruit, and it gets metabolized a little differently than Glucose, usually in the liver.

Mono = 1; Di = 2; Tri = 3; Poly = 4+

Lactose is a disaccharide.

People with Lactose intolerance don't have enough enzymes to break this down into the monosaccharide pieces of Galactose and Glucose. Instead, tiny microbes get to eat on Lactose, which in turn produce methane gas responsible for other digestional issues.

Sucrose is a disaccharide.

Sucrose is the molecule that makes up granulated table sugar. Sucrose is a natural 50/50 combo of Fructose and Glucose. Hi-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) is 55% Fructose/45% Glucose. Both HFCS and Sucrose are added in a lot of foods we eat. The huge amount of Fructose we consume in the Standard American Diet (SAD) has been shown to be responsible for a number of our national dietary issues.

Cellulose is a polysaccharide

Cellulose is polymer of Glucose that plants produce to make their cell well more sturdy and rigid. On the macro scale, this ultimately becomes the hard shelled bark that protects a tree. Humans do not produce the enzyme needed to break down Cellulose into Glucose, so it passes through our digestive system as fiber.

Saccharides have a lot of polar chemical bonds that attract water. Because these carbon-compounds are often found in a hydrated environment, saccharidges are also known as "Carbohydrates".

Glucose is overwhelmed by his Water stans. What a chad.

Foods rich in carbohydrates. Yes, even the paper bag is a carb (Cellulose)

Cellulose is the structural carbohydrate that gives plants their strength.

Long chains of Cellulose are supported by hydrogen bonds to produce strong microfibrils in plant cell walls. Cellulose is the material that gives bark its rigid and resilient characteristics.

The specific composition of fibrils, including cellulose and pectin, will vary between species of plants. Cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50%, and that of dried hemp is approximately 57%. Cellulose is considered the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.

Plants make Glucose from CO2 and water in the Calvin Cycle (part of photosynthesis) using the enzyme RuBisCO

Plants use some of that Glucose for energy, while some gets diverted into other pathways, including the synthesis of Cellulose.

Cellulose Synthase (the Enzyme pictured below) sits in the plasma membrane and spins together cellulose fibers that will support the cell wall

Cellulose is chemically stable. The enzyme Cellulase, which breaks down Cellulose, is not synthesized by any vertebrates.

Mammals that can break down cellulose for nutritional energy are known as ruminants. These animals must first ferment their food in special parts of the stomach, and typically regurgitate their cud before reingestion. The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again". The many species of ruminants, including bovines, goats, sheep, giraffes, deer, gazelles, and antelopes, owe their digestive success to the microflora in the rumen that produce the enzyme Cellulase needed to break down Cellulose.

Starch

α-bonds

vCellulose

β-bonds

Plants produce multiple polymers of Glucose. Cellulose and Starch are both branching polymers of Glucose, and on the chemical level they differ exclusively by the bond between units.

The bond between the 1 Carbon on one Glucose and the 4 Carbon on another Glucose is known as a glycosidic bond. The enzymes that produce starch in plants form alpha-bonds, while the enzymes that are responsible for producing Cellulose link them as beta-glycosidic links. Humans have the ability to break down alpha bonds in our gut, allowing us access to massive energy storage in the form of hundreds of Glucose molecules per starch unit. The ~6000 units of Glucose balled up in Cellulose is unable to be broken down by normal humans and forms most of the mass of our feces.

Fiber supplements are increasingly popular as people try to keep their GI tract regular with modern diets

According to some sources, the Fiber Supplement market size was valued at USD 11.3 billion in 2021 with an upward trend in profitability. Fiber collects in human stool and helps our digestive tract keep moving things along. Without enough fiber in the diet, human feces production can be irregular or slow down significantly. Older people tend to view their bathroom rituals as a daily checkup; if something is wrong on the toilet, something might be wrong with the body (or so it is thought). For these reasons, psyllium husk and prunes are the senior home MVP for keeping patients regular.

Cellulose makes up far more than just 💩💩💩

Cellulose applications have had a massive impact on human history

Cotton is high in Cellulose (up to 90% by mass) and allows us to make resilient and flexible clothing. Cotton cultivation has been documented since 800 AD.

Cellophane, produced by treating Cellulose with sulfuric acid, was once more popular. Replaced mostly with polypropylene plastic, cellophane is a biosourced alternative with fewer environmental impacts.

Paper is mostly Cellulose, and the advent of written language is what many anthropologists would call the hallmark of our species.

Human history lives within the text that our ancestors have left for us to transcribe. In that way, the history of paper is also the history of humanity.

Egyptians are credited for first using papyrus, scrolls made of the material from the stem of the papyrus plant. The invention of modern paper is credited to Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese court official in the city of Lei-Yang. Ts'ai mixed bark, hemp and rags with water, mashed it into pulp, pressed out the liquid and hung the thin mat to dry in the sun. The practice of making paper spread across the world.

Leonardo Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man is "justly ranked among the all-time iconic images of Western civilization". (1) He used pen and paper for his depiction of ideal human proportions in the Renaissance Era, c. 1490

Some fonts, notably Papyrus and Comic Sans, have been historically reviled by graphic designers who argue those typefaces should NEVER be used on paper

While the digital age has seen a decrease in paper usage, some important documents are still shared on those thin pieces of cellulose: resumes and CVs

Leonardo Da Vinci is credited for submitting the first official "resume" in 1482, a single piece of paper sent to the Duke of Milan listing out all of his accomplishments.

Your resume should include all of your applicable education and work history. Your CV, or "Curriculum Vitae" is a more comprehensive list of all of your academic accomplishments, skills, and honors.

Leo Da Vinci Cover Letter [Cellulose]

Cover letters often accompany your resume to explain the specific reasons why you want a job. A good cover letter should help your resume stand out.

Many colleges require the official paper copy of your transcripts from all of your previous schools.

Yale University historian George W. Pierson writes: "According to tradition the first grades issued at Yale (and possibly the first in the country) were given out in the year 1785, when President Ezra Stiles, after examining 58 Seniors, recorded in his diary that there were 'Twenty Optimi, sixteen second Optimi, twelve Inferiores (Boni), ten Pejores.'"[3] Yale later converted these adjectives into numbers on a 4-point scale, and some historians say this is the origin of the standard modern American GPA scale.[4]

Each school adheres to slightly different GPA rules. UCLA used the (+/-) system with a GPA cap of 4.0. Quarter credits (UC) and semester credits (CSU) are also scaled differently.

College-level courses in high school are given a "weighted" GPA that adds an additional 1.0 to each letter. Colleges typically cap GPA at 4.0

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brag sheet

I asked these questions with my foster dad's sister

(1) What was their performance on any of the exams based on percentiles?

took the GRE to enter graduate school. At the time GRE score was between 200-800 for a test for verbal and quantitative reasoning

I think I scored between 500-600 for each test

(1) What did you do to prepare?

I bought a GRE prep workbook and also borrowed GRE prep books from library, took practice test, studied daily after work for 2+ hrs for 2-3 months

(1) Did they feel like they did well?

Yes

(1), Did it help them get into the program they needed it for?

Yes, but it was not the sole factor.

(1) Would they would recommend you taking it/going down that career path?

Would recommend taking practice test first for any test that could be used for entrance to college/ graduate school to identify strengths and weaknesses and focus on improving weaknesses and capitalizing on strengths

I took non traditional route to graduate school. I started at community college, did guaranteed transfer agreement to UC Irvine, started graduate school for a semester at CSUN, started working full time, stopped graduate school at CSUN, continued working full time for another year then started new graduate program at Johns Hopkins as it was more friendly to working adults since parts of it was online.

I highly recommend community college route unless going to a very specialized field that only available/ super special at specific school.

High school

GPA: 4.3

SAT: between 1200-1300

ACT: can’t remember score

Class ranking: if I recall correctly maybe 55 out of 500

I asked these questions with one of my foster dad's coworker.

(1) What was their performance on any of the exams based on percentiles?

I scored in the top 10th percentile on the CPA exam.

(2) What did you do to prepare?

I prepared by reviewing core accounting principles, practicing past exam questions, and attending study groups.

(3) Did they feel like they did well?

Yes, I felt I did well and was confident with my performance.

(4), Did it help them get into the program they needed it for?

Absolutely, passing the exam helped me gain admission into the advanced accounting program I wanted.

(5) Would they would recommend you taking it/going down that career path?

If you're passionate about accounting, I would recommend pursuing this career path.

UCI AVERAGES ACCEPTANCES

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